References
HOME:
Brantigan, C. O., & Roos, D. B. (2004). Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 27-36.
Crosby, C. A., & Wehbe, M. A. (2004). Conservative treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 43-49, vi.
Honet, J. C., & Ellenberg, M. R. (2003). What you always wanted to know about the history and physical examination of neck pain but were afraid to ask. [Review]. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 14(3), 473-491.
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Huang, J. H., & Zager, E. L. (2004). Thoracic outlet syndrome. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Neurosurgery, 55(4), 897-902; discussion 902-893.
Pascarelli, E. F., & Hsu, Y. P. (2001). Understanding work-related upper extremity disorders: clinical findings in 485 computer users, musicians, and others. J Occup Rehabil, 11(1), 1-21.
Sanders, R. J., Hammond, S. L., & Rao, N. M. (2007). Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. J Vasc Surg, 46(3), 601-604. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.050
Tilki, H. E., Stalberg, E., Incesu, L., & Basoglu, A. (2004). Bilateral neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. [Case Reports]. Muscle Nerve, 29(1), 147-150. doi: 10.1002/mus.10502
Urschel, H. C., & Kourlis, H. (2007). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a 50-year experience at Baylor University Medical Center. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 20(2), 125-135.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
TYPES:
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Huang, J. H., & Zager, E. L. (2004). Thoracic outlet syndrome. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Neurosurgery, 55(4), 897-902; discussion 902-893.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
CLINICAL EVALUATION:
Dubuisson AS. The Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/neurosurgery/nervecenter/TOS.html
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
SPECIAL TESTS:
Brismee JM, Gilbert K, Isom K, Hall R, Leathers B, Sheppard N et al. Rate of false positive using the cyriax release test for
thoracic outlet syndrome in an asymptomatic population. J Man Manip Ther. 2004;12:73–81.
Gilbert KK, Brisme´e JM, Dedrick G, Delgado B, Harle J, Miller J, et al. The interrater reliability of the cervical rotation lateral
flexion test and correlation to first rib mobility testing. J Man Manip Ther. 2004; 12:163–4.
Gillard J, Perez-Cousin M, Hachulla E, Remy J, Hurtevent JF, Vinckier L, et al. Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome:contribution of
provocative tests, ultrasonography, electrophysiology,and helical computed tomography in 48 patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2001; 68:416–24.
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial
clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Howard M, Lee C, Dellon AL. Documentation of brachial plexus compression (in the thoracic inlet) utilizing provocative
neurosensory and muscular testing. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2003; 19:303–12.
Mahmud MA, Merlo AR, Gomes I, Becker J, Nora DB. Relationship between adverse neural tension and nerve conduction studies in
patients with symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2006; 64:277–82.
McKinley WO, Conti-Wyneken AR, Vokac CW, Cifu DX. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Sep;77(9):892-5. Rehabilitative functional outcome of patients with neoplastic spinal cord compressions
Nord KM, Kapoor P, Fisher J, Thomas G, Sundaram A, ScottK, et al. False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome
diagnostic maneuvers. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2008; 48:67–74.
Plewa MC, Delinger M. The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects. Acad
Emerg Med. 1998; 5:337–42.
Quintner JL. A study of upper limb pain and paraesthesiae following neck injury in motor vehicle accidents: assessment of the
brachial plexus tension test of elvey. Br J Rheumatol. 1989; 28:528–33.
Rayan GM, Jensen C. Thoracic outlet syndrome: provocative examination maneuvers in a typical population. J Shoulder
Elbow Surg. 1995; 4:113–7.
Sanders RJ, Hammond SL, Rao NM. Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 46:601–4.
Sizer PS Jr, Brismee JM, Cook C Medical screening for red flags in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal spine pain. Pain Pract. 2007 Mar;7(1):53-71
Wainner RS, Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Boninger ML, Delitto A, Allison S. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination
and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2003; 28:52–62.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment
pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
Goodman, C.V., & Snyder, T.E.K. (2007). Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, MO: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
Brantigan, C. O., & Roos, D. B. (2004). Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 27-36.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (February 2012). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm
National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (2012). About MS. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspx
Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. United States: The McGraw-Hill Medical Inc.
Vijaysadan, V., Zimmerman, A.M., & Pajaro, R.E. (2005). Paget-Schroetter Syndrome in the Young and Active. J Am Board Fam Med, 18(4), 314-319.
Richard L. Hutchison, Ghazi Rayan, Diagnosis of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 36, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 1519-1521, ISSN 0363-5023, 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.021.
Kim P, Haines F, Wallace MC, Mior S Pancoast tumor: a case report JCCA 37:4 214-220 1993
Henrik Wulff Christensen, Werner Vach, Anthony Gichangi, Claus Manniche, Torben Haghfelt, Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen, Cervicothoracic Angina Identified by Case History and Palpation Findings in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 28, Issue 5, June 2005, Pages 303-311
INTERVENTIONS:
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 2: non-surgical and surgical management. J Man Manip Ther., 18(3), 132-138.
Lindgren, K. A. (1997). Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 78(4), 373-378.
Novak, C. B. (2003). Thoracic outlet syndrome. Clinics in plastic surgery, 30(2), 175-188.
Vanti, C., Natalini, L., Romeo, A., Tosarelli, D., & Pillastrini, P. (2007). Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. A review of the literature. Eura Medicophys., 43(1), 55-70.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 2: conservative management of thoracic outlet. Man Ther., 15(4), 305-314.
IMAGE INDEX
http://www.texashealth.org/heartV_template_tertiary.cfm?id=4162
http://factcheckme.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/brachial.jpg
http://www.health-reply.com/neurologic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/
http://www.rccllc.com/a-t-still-university-interprofessional-education-and-dental-school
http://www.neurodynamicsolutions.com/solutions-clinical-MSF.php
http://www.puziss.com/cubital_tunnel_syndrome.php
http://www.eorthopod.com/content/cubital-tunnel-syndrome
http://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/herniated-disc/cervical-herniated-disc-or-ruptured-disc
http://miracledoc.com/blog/b_7151_carpal_tunnel_syndrome.html
http://www.goudelis.gr/index.php?page=therapy&category_id=2&subcategory_id=12&subsubcat_id=156&language=en
http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/nanatomy/proxmot.html
http://www.concordortho.com/patient-education/topic-detail-popup.aspx?topicID=5a1a2b95cf2806d043de128f7de51af7
http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/rotator-cuff-injury.html
http://www.eorthopod.com/content/thoracic-outlet-syndrome
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Cervical-Rib/Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrome.htm
http://www.cardiologist.org/angina/
http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/pain/related_conditions/complex_regional_pain_syndrome.aspx
http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/what-is-multiple-sclerosis
http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/viewPage_us.do?id=1010
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html
http://www.learningradiology.com/archives2008/COW%20294-Pancoast%20Tumor/pancoastccorrect.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/raynauds_phenomenon/article.htm
http://skps.org/surgical-technologist-career-overview/
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
Brantigan, C. O., & Roos, D. B. (2004). Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 27-36.
Crosby, C. A., & Wehbe, M. A. (2004). Conservative treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 43-49, vi.
Honet, J. C., & Ellenberg, M. R. (2003). What you always wanted to know about the history and physical examination of neck pain but were afraid to ask. [Review]. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 14(3), 473-491.
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Huang, J. H., & Zager, E. L. (2004). Thoracic outlet syndrome. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Neurosurgery, 55(4), 897-902; discussion 902-893.
Pascarelli, E. F., & Hsu, Y. P. (2001). Understanding work-related upper extremity disorders: clinical findings in 485 computer users, musicians, and others. J Occup Rehabil, 11(1), 1-21.
Sanders, R. J., Hammond, S. L., & Rao, N. M. (2007). Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. J Vasc Surg, 46(3), 601-604. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.050
Tilki, H. E., Stalberg, E., Incesu, L., & Basoglu, A. (2004). Bilateral neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. [Case Reports]. Muscle Nerve, 29(1), 147-150. doi: 10.1002/mus.10502
Urschel, H. C., & Kourlis, H. (2007). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a 50-year experience at Baylor University Medical Center. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 20(2), 125-135.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
TYPES:
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Huang, J. H., & Zager, E. L. (2004). Thoracic outlet syndrome. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review]. Neurosurgery, 55(4), 897-902; discussion 902-893.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
CLINICAL EVALUATION:
Dubuisson AS. The Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/neurosurgery/nervecenter/TOS.html
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
SPECIAL TESTS:
Brismee JM, Gilbert K, Isom K, Hall R, Leathers B, Sheppard N et al. Rate of false positive using the cyriax release test for
thoracic outlet syndrome in an asymptomatic population. J Man Manip Ther. 2004;12:73–81.
Gilbert KK, Brisme´e JM, Dedrick G, Delgado B, Harle J, Miller J, et al. The interrater reliability of the cervical rotation lateral
flexion test and correlation to first rib mobility testing. J Man Manip Ther. 2004; 12:163–4.
Gillard J, Perez-Cousin M, Hachulla E, Remy J, Hurtevent JF, Vinckier L, et al. Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome:contribution of
provocative tests, ultrasonography, electrophysiology,and helical computed tomography in 48 patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2001; 68:416–24.
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial
clinical condition. Part 1: anatomy, and clinical examination/diagnosis. J Man Manip Ther, 18(2), 74-83. doi: 10.1179/106698110X12640740712734
Howard M, Lee C, Dellon AL. Documentation of brachial plexus compression (in the thoracic inlet) utilizing provocative
neurosensory and muscular testing. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2003; 19:303–12.
Mahmud MA, Merlo AR, Gomes I, Becker J, Nora DB. Relationship between adverse neural tension and nerve conduction studies in
patients with symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2006; 64:277–82.
McKinley WO, Conti-Wyneken AR, Vokac CW, Cifu DX. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Sep;77(9):892-5. Rehabilitative functional outcome of patients with neoplastic spinal cord compressions
Nord KM, Kapoor P, Fisher J, Thomas G, Sundaram A, ScottK, et al. False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome
diagnostic maneuvers. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2008; 48:67–74.
Plewa MC, Delinger M. The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects. Acad
Emerg Med. 1998; 5:337–42.
Quintner JL. A study of upper limb pain and paraesthesiae following neck injury in motor vehicle accidents: assessment of the
brachial plexus tension test of elvey. Br J Rheumatol. 1989; 28:528–33.
Rayan GM, Jensen C. Thoracic outlet syndrome: provocative examination maneuvers in a typical population. J Shoulder
Elbow Surg. 1995; 4:113–7.
Sanders RJ, Hammond SL, Rao NM. Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2007; 46:601–4.
Sizer PS Jr, Brismee JM, Cook C Medical screening for red flags in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal spine pain. Pain Pract. 2007 Mar;7(1):53-71
Wainner RS, Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Boninger ML, Delitto A, Allison S. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination
and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2003; 28:52–62.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment
pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
Goodman, C.V., & Snyder, T.E.K. (2007). Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, MO: Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007
Brantigan, C. O., & Roos, D. B. (2004). Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome. [Review]. Hand Clin, 20(1), 27-36.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (February 2012). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm
National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (2012). About MS. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspx
Dutton, M. (2008). Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. United States: The McGraw-Hill Medical Inc.
Vijaysadan, V., Zimmerman, A.M., & Pajaro, R.E. (2005). Paget-Schroetter Syndrome in the Young and Active. J Am Board Fam Med, 18(4), 314-319.
Richard L. Hutchison, Ghazi Rayan, Diagnosis of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, The Journal of Hand Surgery, Volume 36, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 1519-1521, ISSN 0363-5023, 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.021.
Kim P, Haines F, Wallace MC, Mior S Pancoast tumor: a case report JCCA 37:4 214-220 1993
Henrik Wulff Christensen, Werner Vach, Anthony Gichangi, Claus Manniche, Torben Haghfelt, Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen, Cervicothoracic Angina Identified by Case History and Palpation Findings in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 28, Issue 5, June 2005, Pages 303-311
INTERVENTIONS:
Hooper, T. L., Denton, J., McGalliard, M. K., Brismee, J. M., & Sizer, P. S., Jr. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome: a controversial clinical condition. Part 2: non-surgical and surgical management. J Man Manip Ther., 18(3), 132-138.
Lindgren, K. A. (1997). Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 78(4), 373-378.
Novak, C. B. (2003). Thoracic outlet syndrome. Clinics in plastic surgery, 30(2), 175-188.
Vanti, C., Natalini, L., Romeo, A., Tosarelli, D., & Pillastrini, P. (2007). Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. A review of the literature. Eura Medicophys., 43(1), 55-70.
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2010). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 2: conservative management of thoracic outlet. Man Ther., 15(4), 305-314.
IMAGE INDEX
http://www.texashealth.org/heartV_template_tertiary.cfm?id=4162
http://factcheckme.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/brachial.jpg
http://www.health-reply.com/neurologic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/
http://www.rccllc.com/a-t-still-university-interprofessional-education-and-dental-school
http://www.neurodynamicsolutions.com/solutions-clinical-MSF.php
http://www.puziss.com/cubital_tunnel_syndrome.php
http://www.eorthopod.com/content/cubital-tunnel-syndrome
http://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/herniated-disc/cervical-herniated-disc-or-ruptured-disc
http://miracledoc.com/blog/b_7151_carpal_tunnel_syndrome.html
http://www.goudelis.gr/index.php?page=therapy&category_id=2&subcategory_id=12&subsubcat_id=156&language=en
http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/nanatomy/proxmot.html
http://www.concordortho.com/patient-education/topic-detail-popup.aspx?topicID=5a1a2b95cf2806d043de128f7de51af7
http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/rotator-cuff-injury.html
http://www.eorthopod.com/content/thoracic-outlet-syndrome
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Cervical-Rib/Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrome.htm
http://www.cardiologist.org/angina/
http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/pain/related_conditions/complex_regional_pain_syndrome.aspx
http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/what-is-multiple-sclerosis
http://www.maitrise-orthop.com/viewPage_us.do?id=1010
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html
http://www.learningradiology.com/archives2008/COW%20294-Pancoast%20Tumor/pancoastccorrect.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/raynauds_phenomenon/article.htm
http://skps.org/surgical-technologist-career-overview/
Watson, L. A., Pizzari, T., & Balster, S. (2009). Thoracic outlet syndrome part 1: clinical manifestations, differentiation and treatment pathways. [Review]. Man Ther, 14(6), 586-595. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.08.007